This is the final article in a three-part series on infrastructure risks in North Korea. Part I covers water supply, food security, health care and agriculture, and Part II covers power, fuel, roads and public transportation.

North Korean state media has been increasingly transparent about the problems the country is facing from draconian COVID-19 restrictions implemented early last year. As challenges continue to mount, there is increasing concern in the international community that a major humanitarian crisis is imminent. Yet due to the difficult circumstances in North Korea even at the best of times, foreign support is