North Korea has supplied as much as $5.5 billion worth of weapons to Russia since last year, according to a new report, underscoring how arms shipments and troop deployments in support of Moscow’s war in Ukraine generate revenue for the Kim regime.

In the report for the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, the researcher Olena Guseinova estimated that the DPRK has supplied Russia with nearly 6 million rounds of 152mm and 122mm munitions, basing her calculations on the ROK’s assessment that the DPRK has sent 20,000 containers likely filled with artillery shells.