North Korea has provided Russia with billions of dollars worth of military aid for its war in Ukraine while receiving only a fraction of the benefits in return, according to a new report, underscoring the asymmetric relationship between the two allies.

Pyongyang has sent up to $9.8 billion worth of shells, rockets, missiles, heavy weapons and troops since 2023, while Moscow has responded with limited deliveries of food, fuel and military gear worth just a tenth of that value, the Friedrich Naumann Foundation stated in the report released Thursday.

The report’s author Olena Guseinova estimated that North Korea received “no